Q 1. Alternative Powertrain Vehicles
1. I. Full battery electric vehicles
2. II. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
3. III. Fuel Cell electric hybrid vehicles
How many of the above are considered as alternative powertrain vehicles?
- Correct: Full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are powered entirely by electricity stored in batteries.
- They do not use internal combustion engines or traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel.
- BEVs are considered alternative powertrain vehicles because they use electric motors instead of conventional internal combustion engines.
- They contribute to reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
- Correct: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) use hydrogen gas to power an electric motor.
- They generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell.
- FCVs are considered alternative powertrain vehicles as they do not rely on traditional fossil fuels and produce only water vapor as emissions.
- They offer a clean energy solution with the potential for long driving ranges and quick refueling times.
- Correct: Fuel cell electric hybrid vehicles combine hydrogen fuel cells with battery storage.
- They use both hydrogen fuel cells and batteries to power the electric motor, enhancing efficiency and range.
- These vehicles are considered alternative powertrain vehicles because they integrate advanced technologies to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency.
- They offer the benefits of both hydrogen fuel cells and electric batteries, making them a versatile option in the alternative powertrain category.
Q 3. Electric Vehicle Battery Cathodes (Science and Technology)
Q3. In the context of electric vehicle batteries, consider the following elements:
I. Cobalt
II. Graphite
III. Lithium
IV. Nickel
How many of the above usually make up battery cathodes?
1. Correct Answer: C: Only three
2. Explanation of Statements/Options:
● Statement I: Cobalt
○ Cobalt is a key component in many lithium-ion battery cathodes.
○ It is used to improve energy density and stability.
○ Cobalt helps in extending the life of the battery.
○ Therefore, cobalt is commonly found in battery cathodes.
● Statement II: Graphite
○ Graphite is typically used in the anode, not the cathode, of lithium-ion batteries.
○ It serves as the host for lithium ions during charging and discharging.
○ Graphite is crucial for the battery's performance but is not part of the cathode.
○ Therefore, graphite does not usually make up battery cathodes.
● Statement III: Lithium
○ Lithium is a fundamental element in lithium-ion batteries.
○ It is used in the cathode material to store and release energy.
○ Lithium is essential for the battery's operation and is part of the cathode.
○ Therefore, lithium is commonly found in battery cathodes.
● Statement IV: Nickel
○ Nickel is often used in the cathode of lithium-ion batteries.
○ It helps increase the energy density and capacity of the battery.
○ Nickel is a critical component for high-performance batteries.
○ Therefore, nickel is commonly found in battery cathodes.
In summary, cobalt, lithium, and nickel are typically used in battery cathodes, while graphite is used in the anode. Hence, the correct answer is C: Only three.
Q 5. Coal Gasification Technology (Science and Technology)
Q5. Consider the following substances:
I. Ethanol
II. Nitroglycerine
III. Urea
Coal gasification technology can be used in the production of how many of them?
1. Correct Answer: B: Only two
2. Explanation of Statements/Options:
● Statement I: Ethanol
○ Ethanol can be produced from coal through a process called coal gasification followed by fermentation or chemical synthesis.
○ In coal gasification, coal is converted into syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which can then be used to produce ethanol.
○ This process is not the most common method for ethanol production, as ethanol is typically produced from biomass or fermentation of sugars.
○ However, it is technically feasible to produce ethanol from coal, making this statement correct.
● Statement II: Nitroglycerine
○ Nitroglycerine is an organic nitrate compound primarily used in explosives and as a medication for heart conditions.
○ It is not produced through coal gasification. Instead, it is synthesized from glycerol and nitric acid.
○ Coal gasification does not play a role in the production of nitroglycerine, making this statement incorrect.
● Statement III: Urea
○ Urea is a nitrogen-containing compound commonly used as a fertilizer.
○ It can be produced from coal gasification through the production of ammonia. The syngas produced from coal gasification can be used to synthesize ammonia, which is then converted to urea.
○ This process is part of the industrial production of urea, making this statement correct.
In summary, coal gasification technology can be used in the production of ethanol and urea, but not nitroglycerine. Therefore, the correct answer is B: Only two.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Consider the following: 1. Battery storage 2. Biomass generators 3. Fuel cells 4. Rooftop solar photovoltaic units How many of the above are considered "Distributed Energy Resources"?
- All four options - Battery storage, Biomass generators, Fuel cells, and Rooftop solar photovoltaic units are considered Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). DERs are decentralized, modular, and flexible technologies that generate electricity from renewable sources and are located close to the point of use.
- These resources provide an alternative or enhancement to the traditional electric power system.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Membrane Bioreactors are often discussed in the context of:
- Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology is a wastewater treatment technology.
- MBR technology contrasts with the activated sludge process (ASP), which is also a wastewater treatment technology.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which one of the following is the exhaust pipe emission from Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, powered by hydrogen?
- Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) powered by hydrogen produce no harmful tailpipe emissions. Instead, they only emit water vapor and warm air.
- This is one of the key advantages of FCEVs over conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, as they do not contribute to air pollution.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Recently, the term "pumped-storage hydropower” is actually and appropriately discussed in the context of which one of the following?
- The term "pumped-storage hydropower" is appropriately discussed in the context of long duration energy storage. Pumped storage hydropower technology absorbs surplus energy at times of low demand and releases it when demand is high, making it ideal for electricity grids reliant on solar and wind power. This technology facilitates long duration energy storage, which is crucial for balancing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
- Options (a), (b), and (d) are not directly related to the concept of pumped-storage hydropower and do not accurately reflect its purpose and function.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to green hydrogen, consider the following statements: 1. It can be used directly as a fuel for internal combustion. 2. It can be blended with natural gas and used as fuel for heat or power generation. 3. It can be used in the hydrogen fuel cell to run vehicles. How many of the above statements are correct?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Consider the following heavy industries: 1. Fertilizer plants 2. Oil refineries 3. Steel plants Green hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in decarbonizing how many of the above industries?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Consider the investments in the following assets: 1. Brand recognition 2. Inventory 3. Intellectual property 4. Mailing list of clients How many of the above are considered intangible investments?
1. Brand recognition: This is considered an intangible asset. It represents the value associated with a brand, which is not a physical asset but has economic value.
2. Inventory: Inventory is a tangible asset. It consists of goods or products that a company holds for the purpose of resale.
3. Intellectual property: Intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, is intangible in nature. It represents legal rights rather than physical assets.
4. Mailing list of clients: A mailing list of clients is also considered an intangible asset. It represents a collection of valuable information about clients and their preferences, which can be used for marketing and relationship management.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Consider the following actions: 1. Detection of car crash/collision which results in the deployment of airbags almost instantaneously. 2. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop towards the ground which results in the immediate turning off of the hard drive. 3. Detection of the tilt of the smartphone which results in the rotation of display between portrait and landscape mode. In how many of the above actions is the function of accelerometer required?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Consider the following: 1. Aerosols 2. Foam Agents 3. Fire retardants 4. Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?
- Aerosols: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are commonly used as propellants in aerosol sprays.
- Foam agents: HFCs can be used as blowing agents in the production of foam materials.
- Fire retardants: Some fire retardants utilize HFCs as part of their chemical composition.
- HFCs are not used for making lubricants.
- The correct answer is (c) Only three.
- Possible Dispute: HFCs can also be used as lubricants in certain applications. (Vision IAS)
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to solar water pumps, consider the following statements: 1. Solar power can be used for running surface pumps and not for submersible pumps. 2. Solar power can be used for running centrifugal pumps and not the ones with piston. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to visible light communication (VLC) technology, which of the following statements are correct? 1. VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths 375 to 780nm 2. VLC is known as long-range optical wireless communication 3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster than Bluetooth 4. VLC has no electromagnetic interference Select the correct answer using the code given below
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are used to create digital display in many devices. What are the advantage of OLED displays over Liquid Crystal displays? 1. OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates. 2. Roll-up displays embedded in clothing can be made using OLEDs. 3. Transparent displays are possible using OLEDs. Select the correct answer using the code given below
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to ‘Li-Fi’, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It uses light as the medium for high-speed data transmission. 2. It is a wireless technology and is several times faster than ‘Wi-Fi’. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to technology for solar power production, consider the following statements: 1. 'Photovoltaics' is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while 'Solar Thermal' is a technology that utilizes the Sun's rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process. 2. Photovoltaics generates Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC). 3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for photovoltaics. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? 1. They are highly resistant to degradation in environment. 2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals. Select the correct answer using the code given below
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance. Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called 'coalbed methane' and 'shale gas', consider the following statements: 1. Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks. 2. In India, abundant coalbed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the sustainable solutions to the power crisis in India. In this context, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husk can be used in biomass gasification.
2. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide only.
3. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification can be used for direct heat generation but not in internal combustion engines.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Lead, ingested or inhaled, is a health hazard. After the addition of lead to petrol has been banned, what still acts as the sources of lead poisoning? 1. Smelting units 2. Pens and pencils 3. Paints 4. Hair oils and cosmetics Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce one of the following as “exhaust”
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which one of the following pairs of materials serves as electrodes in chargeable batteries commonly used in devices such as torchlights, electric shavers etc.?
- Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries are a type of rechargeable (secondary) cell specifically designed for portable electronic devices.
- They use nickel oxide hydroxide as the positive electrode (cathode) and metallic cadmium as the negative electrode (anode).
- These materials allow for a reversible chemical reaction, enabling the battery to be charged and discharged numerous times.
- Historically, Ni-Cd batteries were the standard for high-drain portable devices like torchlights and electric shavers because they can deliver high current and maintain a steady voltage throughout discharge.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Though a few (gas based) industries have already been established good reserves of natural gas in India remain unutilised. This vast resource of natural gas can be used in the production of
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Paraffin is a by product of
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
The conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy is observed in
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which of the following are fed to cattle? 1. Sugarcane tops 2. Sugarcane leaves 3. Sugarcane bagasse 4. Sugarcane jiggery
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Let ED, EP, ES denote efficiency of a diesel, a petrol and a steam engine respectively. Which of the following is correct?
Diesel engines have the highest efficiency among the three types. This is due to their high compression ratios (14:1 to 22:1), which allow for a greater temperature difference and more effective conversion of heat into work. Their efficiency typically ranges from 35–45%.
Petrol Engine Efficiency
Petrol engines operate on the Otto cycle with lower compression ratios (8:1 to 12:1) to prevent engine knocking. This results in a lower thermal efficiency compared to diesel engines, typically around 25–30%.
Steam Engine Efficiency
Steam engines are the least efficient of the three, often achieving only 1–10% efficiency for older types and up to 30% for advanced turbines. This is due to significant heat losses during energy transfer from the boiler to the working fluid.
Conclusion
The correct order of efficiency is Option A: ED > EP > ES. Diesel engines are the most efficient, followed by petrol, and then steam engines.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Assertion (A): A dry cell cannot be recharged. Reason (R): The chemical reaction in a dry cell is reversible.
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Main constituents of Biogas are
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which of the following is a conventional source of energy?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which of the following is used in diesel engine? (1) Cylinder (2) Spark Plug (3) Piston
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
A biogas plant works to its maximum capacity when
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Which of the following discoveries is/are associated with Einstein? (i) Theory of relativity (ii) Quantum theory (iii) Radioactivity (iv) Rocket propulsion
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Chips used in integrated circuits in computers are made of
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
The most appropriate source of energy for cooking and lighting purposes in rural India is
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Cover of a solar cooker is made of glass. Why?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Write the correct order of occurrence of the following activities while completing the construction of a house 1. Plastering 2. Whitewashing 3. Electrification 4. Furnishing
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
A radio station is to be set up in a remote village without any electrical power. The following options are available: A. Laying of transmission lines from power station to the village B. Installing diesel generators C. Using rechargeable batteries D. Using solar panel/stills Of these the last method is an example of
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
What is the difference between an explosion and combustion?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Gasohol is mixture of gasoline and
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
The chief constituent of gobar gas is
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Metals used in voltaic cell are
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
In what sequence are the following obtained from a natural gas well? 1. Natural Gas 2. Water 3. Crude oil
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
What happens when alcohol is taken in excess?
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Radar is used for
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
The chief constituent of gobar gas is
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Dry ice is:
Q . Applied Technology, IPR and Energy
Gobar gas contains mainly: