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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.

    • Mammalia
      • Aquatic mammals and their adaptations.
      • What is sperm capacitation? Describe the method of mammalian sperm capacitation in vitro.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
    • Origin of Mammals
      • Structure and functions of a mammalian nephron.
      • Describe the integumentary derivatives in mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Describe the diagnostic characteristics of class Mammalia. Classify it up to sub-classes giving the contrasting features of each with suitable examples.
      • Lungs of amphibians and mammals.
      • Explain the three-dimensional nature of immunoglobulin; Mention the mammalian immunoglobulins. Comment on their differences.
      • Functional morphology of mammalian nephron.
      • Composition, control, and functions of mammalian saliva.
    • Dentition in Mammals
      • Describe general structure of a mammalian tooth. Also, classify mammalian teeth based on their shape, attachment and succession.
      • Describe the Dentition in Mammals along with relevant diagrams.
      • Explain various types of dentition in mammals.
      • Write an essay on dentition in mammals.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Give an account on dentition in mammals.
      • Draw and describe the structural details of a typical mammalian tooth and discuss the modifications of dentitions in mammals in relation to their food habits.
    • General Features of Egg-Laying Mammals
      • General features of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Describe the salient features of Prototheria. Explain how it is different from Metatheria with example.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Give general features and examples of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Tabulate the differences among prototherians, metatherians, and eutherians with suitable examples.
      • General features of Monotremata.
      • Describe the distribution, structural peculiarities, and phylogenetic relations of Metatheria.
    • Pouched Mammals
      • General features of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Describe the salient features of Prototheria. Explain how it is different from Metatheria with example.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Give general features and examples of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples.
      • Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples.
      • Tabulate the differences among prototherians, metatherians, and eutherians with suitable examples.
      • Diagnostic features of metatheria and their geographical distribution.
      • Describe the distribution, structural peculiarities, and phylogenetic relations of Metatheria.
    • Aquatic Mammals
      • Write general features of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
    • Primates
    • Endocrine Glands in Mammals (Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads) and Their Interrelationships
      • Thyroid gland and its functions.
      • Explain the structural organisation of adrenal gland in mammals. Describe its hormones and their functions.
      • Describe the structural organization of thyroid and parathyroid glands in different vertebrate groups with a note on the hormone-producing cells and hormones.
      • Describe in detail about the structural organization of mammalian pituitary gland with emphasis on its hormones and their functions.
      • Give a brief account of tropic hormones which affect the endocrine glands.
      • Explain HPA axis. Draw a transverse section of the adrenal gland and describe the functions of its different hormones.
      • Functional morphology of pancreas in mammals.
      • Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in humans. Also explain feedback mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
      • Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in humans. Also explain feedback mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
      • Explain the role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in fat and carbohydrate digestion.
      • Explain the role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in fat and carbohydrate digestion.
      • Mention the hypothalamic-adeno hypophysial secretions that stimulate, sustain and regulate adrenal cortex functions. Add a note on feedback systems.
      • What are the evidence against the traditional concept that pituitary gland is the ‘master of endocrine orchestra’? Highlight the current concept of this endocrine gland.
      • Differentiate between structure and functions of parathyroid hormone and thyroid gland hormones.
      • Types and functions of mammalian salivary glands.
      • Structure and functions of thyroid gland along with its regulation.
      • Describe the structure of adrenal cortex and medulla. Mention the hormones secreted by them and their regulatory influence. Add a note on the mechanism(s) of control of cortical and medullary hormones.
      • What are the endocrine glands? Write a detailed account of the structure and hormones of the mammalian pituitary gland. Discuss why the pituitary gland is not considered the master of the endocrine orchestra now.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of adrenal gland and discuss the functions of its hormones.
      • Adrenal gland and its hormones.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.
  6. General Features of Egg-Laying Mammals

Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals. (UPSC 2019, 10 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:31 July 2025
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अंडे देने वाले स्तनधारियों, थैलीधारी स्तनधारियों और जलीय स्तनधारियों की विभिन्न विशेषताओं को उजागर करें। (Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.)
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