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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • Concept of power, hegemony, ideology and legitimacy

    • Concept of Power
      • Linkage between Power and Hegemony.
      • Foucault's concept of power.
      • Bases of Power.
      • Examine the nature and meaning of power.
      • Critically examine Hannah Arendt’s conceptual triad of labor, work and action.
      • Explain the relationship between power, authority and legitimacy.
      • Comment in 150 words: “Nothing against the State, nothing over it, nothing beyond it.” — Mussolini
      • Discuss Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the role of ideology in modern totalitarian regimes.
      • Distinguish between Power and Authority.
      • Comment: “Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group…” — Arendt
      • Comment on Hannah Arendt’s conception of the ‘political’.
      • Attempt a comparative examination of the views of Marx and Weber on ‘Power’.
      • Comment: “Power flows throughout the system like blood in the capillaries…” — Foucault
      • Comment: Politics as a power concept.
      • Discuss the political philosophy of Hannah Arendt.
      • Comment: “The power elite are those who decide national events.” — C. Wright Mills
      • Comment: Views of Lenin, Michels and Duverger on political parties.
      • Distinguish power from authority. How does reliance on authority affect power?
      • Illustrate from contemporary Indian experience the theory of circulation of elites.
      • Comment: Theory of circulation of elites.
    • Concept of Hegemony
      • "The Gramscian theory of hegemony provides many valuable insights into the nature of global power." Comment.
      • According to Gramsci, ‘hegemony is primarily based on the organization of consent.’ Comment.
      • Comment: Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony
      • Discuss Gramsci’s notion of ‘organic intellectuals’.
      • Explain, as per Gramsci, the distinction between hegemony and domination.
      • Critically examine Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony.
      • Is Gramsci a theoretician of super-structures? Give reasons in support of your answer.
    • "Political ideology is primarily concerned with the allocation and utilization of power." Comment.
    • Concept of Legitimacy
      • Legitimacy adds positive value to political authority and obligation. Discuss.
      • Tools of legitimation of the State.
      • Discuss the ‘crisis of legitimacy’ in capitalist societies. (Habermas)
      • Examine the conditions that are required for the maintenance of legitimacy in modern societies.
      • Distinguish between the concepts of legitimacy and hegemony.
      • Comment: “Laws are any necessary relations arising from the nature of a thing.” (Montesquieu)
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. PSIR Optional
  4. Concept of power, hegemony, ideology and legitimacy
  5. Concept of Power

Comment in 150 words: “Nothing against the State, nothing over it, nothing beyond it.” — Mussolini (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:21 July 2025
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150 शब्दों में टिप्पणी करें: "राज्य के खिलाफ कुछ भी नहीं, इसके ऊपर कुछ भी नहीं, इसके आगे कुछ भी नहीं।" — मुसोलिनी
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