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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (n) Reptilia; Origin of reptiles, skull types, status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.

    • Reptilia
      • Give an account of the origin as well as adaptive radiation of reptiles.
      • Comparison of reptilian and mammalian brain.
      • Enlist the distinctive features of various subclasses of Reptilia. Also, write the differentiating characters of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.
      • Differentiate among anapsid, diapsid, and synapsid reptiles. Give examples.
      • Poison apparatus of cobra or viper and its mechanism of action.
      • Distinction between cobra, viper, krait, and sea snakes.
    • Write an account of the origin of reptiles. Explain the status of Sphenodon and crocodile in the animal kingdom.
    • Skull Types of Reptilia
      • “Class Reptilia is divided into five subclasses on the basis of certain openings through the skull.” Substantiate this statement with the help of five well-labelled diagrams and examples.
      • Skull types of Squamata.
      • Give an account on types of skulls in Reptilia with the help of relevant diagrams.
      • Describe the different types of skulls in Reptilia with the help of labelled diagrams.
      • Types of Reptilian skulls.
    • Status of Sphenodon
      • Evolutionary status of Sphenodon.
      • Describe the distribution, habits and habitat of Rhynchocephalia. Write a note on crocodilian and lacertilian characters of Sphenodon.
      • Discuss that Sphenodon is the most primitive and Crocodile is the most advanced of all living reptilians.
      • Status of Sphenodon.
      • Sphenodon is considered to be a living fossil Justify.
      • ‘Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are most advanced of all living Reptiles’. Discuss the statement.
    • Status of Crocodiles
      • Compare the skull of Rhynchocephalia with that of Crocodilia.
      • Characteristics of Rhynchocephalia and Crocodilia.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (n) Reptilia; Origin of reptiles, skull types, status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.
  6. Status of Sphenodon

Evolutionary status of Sphenodon. (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

स्पेनोडॉन की विकासवादी स्थिति। (Evolutionary status of Sphenodon.)
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Introduction
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Describe the distribution, habits and habitat of Rhynchocephalia. Write a note on crocodilian and lacertilian characters of Sphenodon. (UPSC 2020, 20 Marks, )

रिंकोसेफालिया के वितरण, आदतों और आवास का वर्णन करें। स्फेनोडॉन के मगरमच्छ और छिपकली के लक्षणों पर एक नोट लिखें। (Describe the distribution, habits and habitat of Rhynchocephalia. Write a note on crocodilian and lacertilian characters of Sphenodon.)
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Introduction
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Discuss that Sphenodon is the most primitive and Crocodile is the most advanced of all living reptilians. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

चर्चा करें कि स्फेनोडॉन सबसे आदिम है और मगरमच्छ सभी जीवित सरीसृपों में सबसे उन्नत है। (Discuss that Sphenodon is the most primitive and Crocodile is the most advanced of all living reptilians.)
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Introduction
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Status of Sphenodon. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

स्पेनोडॉन की स्थिति। (Status of Sphenodon.)
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Introduction
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Sphenodon is considered to be a living fossil Justify. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

स्पेनोडॉन को एक जीवित जीवाश्म माना जाता है। उचित ठहराएं। (Sphenodon is considered to be a living fossil. Justify.)
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Introduction
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‘Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are most advanced of all living Reptiles’. Discuss the statement. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

'स्फेनोडॉन सबसे आदिम है और सभी जीवित सरीसृपों में मगरमच्छ सबसे उन्नत हैं।' इस कथन पर चर्चा करें। (Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are most advanced of all living Reptiles. Discuss the statement.)
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Introduction
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