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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • Concept of power, hegemony, ideology and legitimacy

    • Concept of Power
      • Linkage between Power and Hegemony.
      • Foucault's concept of power.
      • Bases of Power.
      • Examine the nature and meaning of power.
      • Critically examine Hannah Arendt’s conceptual triad of labor, work and action.
      • Explain the relationship between power, authority and legitimacy.
      • Comment in 150 words: “Nothing against the State, nothing over it, nothing beyond it.” — Mussolini
      • Discuss Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the role of ideology in modern totalitarian regimes.
      • Distinguish between Power and Authority.
      • Comment: “Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group…” — Arendt
      • Comment on Hannah Arendt’s conception of the ‘political’.
      • Attempt a comparative examination of the views of Marx and Weber on ‘Power’.
      • Comment: “Power flows throughout the system like blood in the capillaries…” — Foucault
      • Comment: Politics as a power concept.
      • Discuss the political philosophy of Hannah Arendt.
      • Comment: “The power elite are those who decide national events.” — C. Wright Mills
      • Comment: Views of Lenin, Michels and Duverger on political parties.
      • Distinguish power from authority. How does reliance on authority affect power?
      • Illustrate from contemporary Indian experience the theory of circulation of elites.
      • Comment: Theory of circulation of elites.
    • Concept of Hegemony
      • "The Gramscian theory of hegemony provides many valuable insights into the nature of global power." Comment.
      • According to Gramsci, ‘hegemony is primarily based on the organization of consent.’ Comment.
      • Comment: Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony
      • Discuss Gramsci’s notion of ‘organic intellectuals’.
      • Explain, as per Gramsci, the distinction between hegemony and domination.
      • Critically examine Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony.
      • Is Gramsci a theoretician of super-structures? Give reasons in support of your answer.
    • "Political ideology is primarily concerned with the allocation and utilization of power." Comment.
    • Concept of Legitimacy
      • Legitimacy adds positive value to political authority and obligation. Discuss.
      • Tools of legitimation of the State.
      • Discuss the ‘crisis of legitimacy’ in capitalist societies. (Habermas)
      • Examine the conditions that are required for the maintenance of legitimacy in modern societies.
      • Distinguish between the concepts of legitimacy and hegemony.
      • Comment: “Laws are any necessary relations arising from the nature of a thing.” (Montesquieu)
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. PSIR Optional
  4. Concept of power, hegemony, ideology and legitimacy
  5. Concept of Legitimacy

Legitimacy adds positive value to political authority and obligation. Discuss. (UPSC 2024, 20 Marks, )

वैधता राजनीतिक सत्ता और दायित्व में सकारात्मक मूल्य जोड़ती है। विवेचना कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Tools of legitimation of the State. (UPSC 2021, )

राज्य के वैधीकरण के उपकरण।
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Introduction
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Discuss the ‘crisis of legitimacy’ in capitalist societies. (Habermas) (UPSC 2015, 20 Marks, )

पूंजीवादी समाजों में 'वैधता के संकट' की विवेचना कीजिए। (हैबरमास)
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Introduction
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Examine the conditions that are required for the maintenance of legitimacy in modern societies. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

आधुनिक समाजों में वैधता बनाए रखने के लिए आवश्यक शर्तों का परीक्षण कीजिए।
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Introduction
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Distinguish between the concepts of legitimacy and hegemony. (UPSC 2012, 20 Marks, )

वैधता और आधिपत्य की अवधारणाओं के बीच अंतर करें।
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Introduction
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Comment: “Laws are any necessary relations arising from the nature of a thing.” (Montesquieu) (UPSC 1997, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "कानून किसी चीज की प्रकृति से उत्पन्न होने वाले आवश्यक संबंध हैं।" (मोंटेस्क्यू)
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Introduction
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