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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (c) Mendel's laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, multiple alleles, genetics of blood groups, pedigree analysis, hereditary diseases in man.

    • Mendel's laws of inheritance
      • Explain Mendel's law of inheritance and its significance.
      • Describe the phenomenon of linkage with example. Why is linkage an exception to Mendel's law of segregation?
      • What is Mendel's dihybrid cross? Discuss the mechanism of independent assortment using suitable example.
      • In a Mendelian cross, a round yellow pea plant (RRYY) was crossed to a wrinkled green pea plant (rryy). What will be the F1 and F2 offsprings? Give their genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
      • Why does haemophilia occur? Give the symptoms of haemophilia. How is haemophilia genetically inherited?
      • Describe the molecular basis of the following inherited diseases and their manifestations in humans: (i) Cystic fibrosis (ii) Sickle cell anemia (iii) Hunting chorea
        • Complete the table given below by inserting 0, 1, 1/2 or 1/4 for the probability of each genotype of progeny for each type of mating. Give reasons. 

         

        Genotype of Progeny

        Mating

        AA

        Aa

        aa

        AA x AA

         

         

         

        AA x Aa

         

         

         

        AA x aa

         

         

         

        Aa x Aa

         

         

         

        Aa x aa

         

         

         

      • Using skin colour as an example of polygenic inheritance, work out the results of F1 and F2 from a mating between pure black Negro man and white woman in qualitative and quantitative terms.
      • Comment on phenylketonuria as a genetic disorder.
      • Enunciate the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Would Mendel's laws hold good under all conditions? Justify your contention.
    • Justify the statement, “Linkage and recombination play significant role in the process of inheritance".
    • Linkage
      • Define Linkage. Give an illustrated account of complete, incomplete and sex linkages.
      • Justify the statement, “Linkage and recombination play significant role in the process of inheritance".
      • Explain the phenomenon of Xlinked inheritance in Drosophila.
      • The Genotype of the parent is as under: 2n + XhY x 2n + X0xh. Indicate the type of Gametes that will be formed, and character represented by their Off springs. Also indicate whether the parents are carriers or free from disorder. Find out: (i) Percentage of carriers. (ii) Percentage of Haemophilic sons and daughters. (iii) Percentage of normal off springs.
      • Using skin colour as an example of polygenic inheritance, work out the results of Fl and F2 from a mating between pure black Negro man and white woman in qualitative and quantitative terms.
      • Distinguish between sexlinked inheritance and sexlimited inheritance.
      • Give an account of sexlinked and sexinfluenced characters and their inheritance.
    • Multiple alleles
      • Describe the role of multiple alleles in the inheritance of ABO blood group system in humans.
      • With suitable example, explain the concept of multiple allelism.
      • With the help of a diagram, explain the constitution of a cosmid and mention its advantages over a plasmid in recombinant technology.
      • Explain the distinctive features of plasmid and Cosmids vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.
      • What are multiple alleles? Explain the phenomenon of multiple allelism by giving suitable examples.
      • Delineate the production of new combination of alleles, encoding a novel set of genetic information’s. What is its role in genetic engineering?
      • Multiple alleles.
    • Genetics of blood groups
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • How many alleles are concerned with the determination of A, B, AB, and O blood groups? Tabulate the genotype and phenotype of parents to work out the genotype of offspring resulting from mating of A, B, AB and O blood groups.
      • What is Hantigen? Illustrate its role in the emergence of Bombay phenotype.
      • Write an essay on the genetic analysis of Rh blood groups.
      • Genotypes and Phenotypes.
      • Blood groups and antigens.
    • Pedigree analysis
      • Explain the inheritance pattern of an autosomal recessive congenital disease showing a threegeneration pedigree.
      • Discuss the application of pedigree analysis in identifying diseases.
      • Explain pedigree analysis to illustrate hereditary disease with suitable examples.
      • Write a note on application of human blood group types in pedigree analysis.
    • Hereditary diseases in man
      • Comment on the following human genetic disorders: (i) Down Syndrome, (ii) Klinefelter's Syndrome, (iii) Sickle Cell Anaemia.
      • Explain pedigree analysis to illustrate hereditary disease with suitable examples.
      • Give the causes and symptoms of heritable diseases in man due to defects in Ychromosomes and autosomes.
      • Human Karyotype.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Genetics
  5. (c) Mendel's laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, multiple alleles, genetics of blood groups, pedigree analysis, hereditary diseases in man.
  6. Multiple alleles

Explain the distinctive features of plasmid and Cosmids vectors used in recombinant DNA technology. (UPSC 2018, 20 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:31 July 2025
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रिकॉम्बिनेंट डीएनए प्रौद्योगिकी में उपयोग किए जाने वाले प्लास्मिड और कॉस्मिड वाहकों की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं की व्याख्या करें। (Explain the distinctive features of plasmid and Cosmids vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.)
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