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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates: integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain, and sense organs (eye and ear)

    • Comparative Functional Anatomy of Various Systems of Vertebrates
      • Define immunity. Explain cell-mediated immune response in vertebrates with suitable diagram.
      • Explain countercurrent mechanism of urine concentration in the kidneys of higher vertebrates.
      • Comment on the evolutionary change in the proportion of limbic system versus cerebral hemisphere in vertebrates.
      • Through a comparative chart, give an account of accessory sex glands in the male vertebrate animal types such as dogfish, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit.
      • Digital tips in Vertebrates.
      • Illustrated account of the types of kidneys of vertebrates.
      • Give a comparative account of the central nervous system of vertebrates.
    • Integument and Its Derivatives
      • Give an illustrated account of integument and its derivatives in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
      • Enlist any five hard derivatives of vertebrate integumentary system. Give an account on various types of horns and antlers in mammals giving examples and diagrams.
      • Glands in vertebrates as integumentary derivatives.
      • Integument and its derivatives in vertebrates.
    • Endoskeleton
      • Describe the perivisceral coelom and endoskeleton of Asterias.
      • Enumerate the functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account on the types of jaw suspensoria with suitable diagrams.
      • Enumerate functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of jaw suspensoria in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
      • Enumerate functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of jaw suspensorium in vertebrates with suitable diagrams.
    • Locomotory Organs
    • Digestive System
      • Highlight role of various hormones in the regulation of digestive secretions.
      • Briefly write about hormonal control of digestive secretions in humans.
      • Tabulate and describe the digestive enzymes, their occurrence, substrates and end products.
      • Compare the structure and function of uricotelic and ureotelic kidneys with suitable examples and diagrams.
    • Respiratory System
      • Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples.
      • Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of respiratory system of Scoliodon and explain the mechanism of respiration.
      • Give an account of the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in different groups of molluscs.
    • Circulatory System (Including Heart and Aortic Arches)
      • Give a comparative account of heart in vertebrates with the help of diagrams only (no description required).
      • Give a comparative account of the aortic arches in vertebrates.
      • Define double circulation. Give a comparative account of heart in reptiles, birds and mammals.
      • Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
      • Give a comparative account of aortic arches in different vertebrates with suitable illustrations.
      • Give an account of evolution of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals.
      • With the help of labelled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and modification of aortic arches in different vertebrates.
      • With the help of labelled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and modification of aortic arches in different vertebrates.
      • Enumerate the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in a venous heart during vertebrate evolution leading to emergence of heart with separate chambers for arterial and venous blood and a pacesetter mechanism.
      • Give an account of the aortic arches of vertebrates.
      • Comparison of hearts of pigeon and rabbit.
      • Compare the hearts of vertebrates and mode of circulation of blood with special reference to that in mammals.
    • Urino-Genital System
      • Describe urinogenital system in both the sexes of Amniotes with the help of diagrams only (No description is required).
      • Describe the structure of a mammalian nephron and explain how urine is formed.
    • Brain
      • Compare and contrast Telencephalon of the brain in Vertebrates.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of avian brain.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of cochlea with suitable diagram. Write down the functions of organ of Corti.
      • Compare the functional anatomy of the brain in Calotes, Columba and Oryctolagus.
    • Sense Organs (Eye and Ear)
      • Structure of internal ear in mammals.
      • Describe the organogenesis of eye.
      • Describe the process of organogenesis of vertebrate eye.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of the internal ear of a rabbit. Comment upon the functions of each part.
      • Structure, arrangement and role of photoreceptors in the mammalian eye.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates: integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain, and sense organs (eye and ear)
  6. Digestive System

Highlight role of various hormones in the regulation of digestive secretions. (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:31 July 2025
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विभिन्न हार्मोनों की पाचन स्रावों के नियमन में भूमिका को उजागर करें। (Highlight role of various hormones in the regulation of digestive secretions.)
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