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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • Theories of the state: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist

    • Introduction to Theory of State | PSIR Optional for UPSC
      • “The Political ideology of Globalization is Neo-Liberalism.” Comment.
      • Examine the challenges to sovereignty of the State in the contemporary world.
      • Do you think that the modern nation-state has been declining in the wake of globalization? Justify your answer.
      • Comment: Impact of Globalization on State Sovereignty.
      • Discuss the philosophical basis of doctrine of popular sovereignty, and its significance for mankind.
    • Liberal Theory of State
      • "The legal subordination of one sex to another is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human development." (J. S. Mill). Comment.
      • J. S. Mill's ideas on women suffrage.
      • Examine the liberal theory of State in contemporary politics.
      • Comment: “The worth of a State .... is the worth of individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill)
      • Comment: “The great and chief aim of men’s uniting, into a Commonwealth and putting themselves under Government is the preservation of property.” (Locke)
      • Comment: “THE GENERAL WILL” ....is not so much the will of the state as the will for the State, ....” (MacIver)
      • Comment: “The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self-protection.” (J.S. Mill)
      • Do you agree with the view that liberal theories are based on ‘atomism’, whereas communitarians have a ‘social thesis’? Present your line of argument.
      • Comment: “The reason why men enter into civil society is the preservation of their property.” (Locke)
      • Comment: “Will, not force, is the basis of the state.” (T. H. Green)
      • Comment: “I give the name to every state that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration.” (Rousseau)
      • Comment: “The great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property; to which in the state of nature there are many things waiting.” (John Locke)
      • Discuss how early radical liberalism was modified by John Stuart Mill.
      • “Rousseau’s theory of Social Contract in Hobbes’s Leviathan with its head chopped off.” Discuss.
      • Comment: “Whoever therefore out of a State of Nature united into a Commonwealth must be understood to give up all the Power necessary to the Ends for which they united into Society, to the majority of the Community.” (Locke)
      • “It is hard indeed to turn the Lockean doctrine into any kind of unqualified democratic theory.” (Mcpherson) Discuss.
      • Comment: “No man can be deprived of his property without his consent.” (Locke)
      • Comment: “The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill)
      • Comment: “The end of every man is continued success in obtaining those things which he, from time to time, desires.” (Hobbes)
      • Comment: “The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill)
      • Comment: “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain but to preserve and enlarge freedom.” (Locke)
      • Comment: “As soon as a nation appoints representatives, it is no longer free, it no longer exists.” (Rousseau)
      • Comment: “The end of obedience is protection.” (Thomas Hobbes)
      • Comment: ‘Reason teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty and possessions’ (Locke)
      • Locke's Social Contract
      • Comment: ‘The condition of human life, which requires labour and materials to work on, necessarily introduces private possessions.’ (John Locke)
    • Neoliberal Theory of State
      • Critically examine the neo-liberal theory of State.
      • Comment on Neo-liberal perspective of State
      • Factors like community, culture and nation weaken the hegemony of neo-liberalism today. Discuss.
    • Marxist Theory of State
      • What is the contemporary relevance of Marxism?
      • Discuss the relationship between base and superstructure in Marxist theory.
      • Discuss in what sense Marx’s understanding of state can be considered as materialistic.
      • Examine the conception of the State in the ideologies of Fascism and Marxism.
      • Comment: “State is the result of the irreconcilability of class antagonism”. (Lenin)
      • Comment: “The anatomy of this civil society, however, has to be sought in Political economy.” (Marx)
      • Critically examine Marxist theory of the state with reference to the dictatorship of the proletariat.
      • Critically examine the Marxian theory of social stratification.
      • Examine the main issues involved in the Church-State controversy. What were its consequences?
      • Comment: “The anatomy of civil society is to be sought in its political economy.” (Marx)
    • Pluralist Theory
      • Pluralist theory of State.
      • Comment: Pluralist theory of the State
      • Explain Berlin’s notion of value pluralism.
      • Comment: Robert Dahl’s concept of deformed polyarchy.
      • Comment: “Because the society is federal, the authority must also be federal.” (Laski)
      • Comment: “The discovery of Sovereign in a federal state is an impossible adventure.” (Laski)
      • Comment: “Society is federal, authority must be federal.” (Laski)
      • Comment: Polyarchy
      • Examine critically the pluralist arguments against the theory of sovereignty.
    • Post-Colonial Theory of State
      • "The post-colonial state was thought of an entity that stood outside and above society as an autonomous agency.” Explain.
      • Post-colonial theory of the state.
      • Make all assessment of the post-colonial understanding of State.
      • Critically examine Hamza Alavi’s formulation of the overdeveloped State.
    • Feminist Theory of State
      • Feminist critique of the State
      • Comment on Eco-feminism
      • Discuss Feminist theory of the State.
      • J. S. Mill's ideas on women suffrage.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. PSIR Optional
  4. Theories of the state: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist
  5. Liberal Theory of State

"The legal subordination of one sex to another is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human development." (J. S. Mill). Comment. (UPSC 2023, 15 Marks, )

"एक लिंग को दूसरे के अधीन कानूनी रूप से रखना अपने आप में गलत है, और अब यह मानव विकास में सबसे बड़ी बाधाओं में से एक है।" (जे.एस. मिल)। टिप्पणी करें।
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J. S. Mill's ideas on women suffrage. (UPSC 2021, )

महिला मताधिकार पर जे.एस. मिल के विचार।
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Examine the liberal theory of State in contemporary politics. (UPSC 2022, 20 Marks, )

समकालीन राजनीति में राज्य के उदारवादी सिद्धांत का परीक्षण कीजिए।
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Comment: “The worth of a State .... is the worth of individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill) (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "एक राज्य का मूल्य .... इसकी रचना करने वाले व्यक्तियों का मूल्य है।" (जे.एस. मिल)
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Comment: “The great and chief aim of men’s uniting, into a Commonwealth and putting themselves under Government is the preservation of property.” (Locke) (UPSC 2008, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "पुरुषों के एक राष्ट्रमंडल में एकजुट होने और खुद को सरकार के अधीन रखने का महान और मुख्य उद्देश्य संपत्ति का संरक्षण है।" (लोके)
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Comment: “THE GENERAL WILL” ....is not so much the will of the state as the will for the State, ....” (MacIver) (UPSC 2006, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "सामान्य इच्छा राज्य की उतनी इच्छा नहीं है जितनी राज्य के लिए इच्छा है, ...." (मैकाइवर)
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Comment: “The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self-protection.” (J.S. Mill) (UPSC 2005, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "एकमात्र लक्ष्य जिसके लिए मानव जाति को व्यक्तिगत या सामूहिक रूप से, उनकी किसी भी संख्या की कार्रवाई की स्वतंत्रता में हस्तक्षेप करने की आवश्यकता है, आत्म-संरक्षण है।" (जे.एस. मिल)
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Do you agree with the view that liberal theories are based on ‘atomism’, whereas communitarians have a ‘social thesis’? Present your line of argument. (UPSC 2005, 60 Marks, )

क्या आप इस विचार से सहमत हैं कि उदारवादी सिद्धांत 'परमाणुवाद' पर आधारित हैं, जबकि समुदायवादियों के पास 'सामाजिक अभिधारणा' है? अपने तर्क की रूप रेखा प्रस्तुत करें।
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Comment: “The reason why men enter into civil society is the preservation of their property.” (Locke) (UPSC 2003, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "पुरुषों के नागरिक समाज में प्रवेश करने का कारण उनकी संपत्ति का संरक्षण है।" (लॉक)
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Comment: “Will, not force, is the basis of the state.” (T. H. Green) (UPSC 2002, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "इच्छा, बल नहीं, राज्य का आधार है।" (टी. एच. ग्रीन)
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Comment: “I give the name to every state that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration.” (Rousseau) (UPSC 2000, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "मैं हर उस राज्य को नाम देता हूं जो कानूनों द्वारा शासित होता है, चाहे उसका प्रशासन कैसा भी हो।" (रूसो)
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Comment: “The great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property; to which in the state of nature there are many things waiting.” (John Locke) (UPSC 1999, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "इसलिए, महान और प्रमुख लक्ष्य, पुरुषों का राष्ट्रमंडल में एकजुट होना, और खुद को सरकार के अधीन रखना, संपत्ति का संरक्षण है; जिसके लिए प्रकृति की स्थिति में कई चीजें इंतजार कर रही हैं।" (जॉन लॉक)
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Discuss how early radical liberalism was modified by John Stuart Mill. (UPSC 1998, 60 Marks, )

चर्चा करें कि जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल द्वारा प्रारंभिक कट्टरपंथी उदारवाद को कैसे संशोधित किया गया था।
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“Rousseau’s theory of Social Contract in Hobbes’s Leviathan with its head chopped off.” Discuss. (UPSC 1998, 60 Marks, )

हॉब्स के लेविथान में रूसो के सामाजिक अनुबंध के सिद्धांत को सिरे से नकार दिया गया। चर्चा करें।
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Introduction
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Comment: “Whoever therefore out of a State of Nature united into a Commonwealth must be understood to give up all the Power necessary to the Ends for which they united into Society, to the majority of the Community.” (Locke) (UPSC 1997, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "इसलिए जो कोई भी प्रकृति के राज्य से एक राष्ट्रमंडल में एकजुट हो गया है, उसे समझा जाना चाहिए कि वह उन सभी आवश्यक शक्तियों को छोड़ देता है जिनके लिए वे समाज में एकजुट हुए, समुदाय के बहुमत के लिए।" (लॉक)
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“It is hard indeed to turn the Lockean doctrine into any kind of unqualified democratic theory.” (Mcpherson) Discuss. (UPSC 1996, 60 Marks, )

"लॉकियन सिद्धांत को किसी भी प्रकार के अयोग्य लोकतांत्रिक सिद्धांत में बदलना वास्तव में कठिन है।" (मैकफर्सन) चर्चा करें।
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Comment: “No man can be deprived of his property without his consent.” (Locke) (UPSC 1996, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "किसी भी व्यक्ति को उसकी सहमति के बिना उसकी संपत्ति से वंचित नहीं किया जा सकता है।" (लॉक)
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Comment: “The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill) (UPSC 1996, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "एक राज्य का मूल्य, लंबे समय में, इसकी रचना करने वाले व्यक्तियों का मूल्य है।" (जे.एस. मिल)
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Comment: “The end of every man is continued success in obtaining those things which he, from time to time, desires.” (Hobbes) (UPSC 1995, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "प्रत्येक मनुष्य का लक्ष्य उन चीजों को प्राप्त करने में निरंतर सफलता है जो वह समय-समय पर चाहता है।" (हॉब्स)
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Comment: “The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.” (J. S. Mill) (UPSC 1995, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "एक राज्य का मूल्य, लंबे समय में, इसकी रचना करने वाले व्यक्तियों का मूल्य है।" (जे.एस. मिल)
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Comment: “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain but to preserve and enlarge freedom.” (Locke) (UPSC 1994, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "कानून का लक्ष्य उन्मूलन करना या रोकना नहीं है बल्कि स्वतंत्रता को संरक्षित और विस्तारित करना है।" (लॉक)
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Comment: “As soon as a nation appoints representatives, it is no longer free, it no longer exists.” (Rousseau) (UPSC 1994, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "जैसे ही कोई राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधियों की नियुक्ति करता है, वह अब स्वतंत्र नहीं है, वह अब मौजूद नहीं है।" (रूसो)
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Comment: “The end of obedience is protection.” (Thomas Hobbes) (UPSC 1993, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें: "आज्ञाकारिता का लक्ष्य सुरक्षा है।" (थॉमस हॉब्स)।
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Comment: ‘Reason teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty and possessions’ (Locke) (UPSC 1992, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी: 'तर्क सभी मानव जाति को सिखाता है, जो यह सलाह देगा कि सभी समान और स्वतंत्र होने के नाते, किसी को भी जीवन, स्वास्थ्य, स्वतंत्रता और संपत्ति में दूसरे को नुकसान नहीं पहुंचाना चाहिए' (लॉक)
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Locke's Social Contract (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

लॉक का सामाजिक अनुबंध
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Comment: ‘The condition of human life, which requires labour and materials to work on, necessarily introduces private possessions.’ (John Locke) (UPSC 1991, 20 Marks, )

टिप्पणी करें 'मानव जीवन की स्थिति, जिस पर काम करने के लिए श्रम और सामग्री की आवश्यकता होती है, अनिवार्य रूप से निजी संपत्ति का परिचय देती है।' (जॉन लॉक)
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