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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (f) Gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    • Gene regulation and Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
      • How does the regulation of gene expression occur in eukaryotes?
      • Discuss gene regulation mechanisms in E. coli.
      • How is the RNA (primary transcript) modified into functional mRNA in eukaryotes? Explain.
      • Illustrate the mechanism of initiation of DNA replication and formation of primosome in prokaryotes.
      • Describe the constitution of a basic transcription unit and the process of initiation of transcription in prokaryotes.
      • How does lactose induce lac operon? Explain.
      • Describe the requirement of proteins for the initiation of transcription in a eukaryote.
      • Explain molecular mechanism of chromosome movements in eukaryotes.
      • Discuss the regulation of gene function in prokaryotes.
      • What are Transposons? Explain the general structure and mechanism of transposition of Tn3 elements in prokaryotes.
      • What is transcription? Explain the process of transcription in a eukaryote.
      • Explain the role of transcription factors of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes.
      • Describe the steps involved in gene regulation in eukaryotes.
      • Bring out the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene organisation.
      • Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation.
      • Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation.
      • Give an illustrated account of Lac Operon in E. coli.
      • Which eukaryotes do not contain repetitive DNA? Give a brief account of biological macromolecules found in all living organisms.
      • How does the protein synthetic machinery operate in a prokaryote? Mention the various functions of protein in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
      • Compare the manner in which genes are expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
      • Explain the structure of the basic level of organization of eukaryotic genetic material. Name two higher levels of organization.
      • Explain the differences in gene regulation and its expression in eukaryotes.
      • Tryptophan Operon.
      • Describe transcription in pro and eukaryotes.
      • Describe gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Define transcription.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Genetics
  5. (f) Gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  6. Gene regulation and Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

How does the regulation of gene expression occur in eukaryotes? (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

यूकैरियोट्स में जीन अभिव्यक्ति का विनियमन कैसे होता है? (How does the regulation of gene expression occur in eukaryotes?)
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Discuss gene regulation mechanisms in E. coli. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

ई. कोलाई में जीन विनियमन तंत्र पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss gene regulation mechanisms in E. coli.)
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Introduction
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How is the RNA (primary transcript) modified into functional mRNA in eukaryotes? Explain. (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

आरएनए (प्राथमिक ट्रांसक्रिप्ट) को कार्यात्मक mRNA में यूकेरियोट्स में कैसे संशोधित किया जाता है? समझाएं। (How is the RNA (primary transcript) modified into functional mRNA in eukaryotes? Explain.)
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Introduction
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Illustrate the mechanism of initiation of DNA replication and formation of primosome in prokaryotes. (UPSC 2023, 8 Marks, )

डीएनए प्रतिकृति की शुरुआत और प्रोकैरियोट्स में प्राइमोसोम के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को चित्रित करें। (Illustrate the mechanism of initiation of DNA replication and formation of primosome in prokaryotes.)
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Introduction
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Describe the constitution of a basic transcription unit and the process of initiation of transcription in prokaryotes. (UPSC 2022, 15 Marks, )

मूल प्रतिलेखन इकाई की संरचना और प्रोकैरियोट्स में प्रतिलेखन की शुरुआत की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करें। (Describe the constitution of a basic transcription unit and the process of initiation of transcription in prokaryotes.)
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How does lactose induce lac operon? Explain. (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

लैक्टोज लैकोपेरॉन को कैसे प्रेरित करता है? समझाइए। (How does lactose induce lac operon? Explain.)
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Introduction
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Describe the requirement of proteins for the initiation of transcription in a eukaryote. (UPSC 2021, 10 Marks, )

यूकैरियोट में ट्रांसक्रिप्शन की शुरुआत के लिए प्रोटीन की आवश्यकता का वर्णन करें। (Describe the requirement of proteins for the initiation of transcription in a eukaryote.)
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Explain molecular mechanism of chromosome movements in eukaryotes. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

यूकैरियोट्स में गुणसूत्रों की गति के आणविक तंत्र की व्याख्या करें। (Explain molecular mechanism of chromosome movements in eukaryotes.)
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Discuss the regulation of gene function in prokaryotes. (UPSC 2020, )

प्रोकैरियोट्स में जीन कार्य के विनियमन पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss the regulation of gene function in prokaryotes.)
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Introduction
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What are Transposons? Explain the general structure and mechanism of transposition of Tn3 elements in prokaryotes. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

ट्रांसपोज़ॉन्स क्या हैं? प्रोकैरियोट्स में Tn3 तत्वों के ट्रांसपोज़िशन की सामान्य संरचना और तंत्र की व्याख्या करें। (What are Transposons? Explain the general structure and mechanism of transposition of Tn3 elements in prokaryotes.)
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Introduction
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What is transcription? Explain the process of transcription in a eukaryote. (UPSC 2019, 10 Marks, )

ट्रांसक्रिप्शन क्या है? एक यूकैरियोट में ट्रांसक्रिप्शन की प्रक्रिया को समझाइए। (What is transcription? Explain the process of transcription in a eukaryote.)
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Explain the role of transcription factors of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. (UPSC 2019, 10 Marks, )

यूकेरियोट्स में आरएनए पोलीमरेज़ II के ट्रांसक्रिप्शन कारकों की भूमिका समझाएं। (Explain the role of transcription factors of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes.)
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Describe the steps involved in gene regulation in eukaryotes. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

यूकैरियोट्स में जीन विनियमन में शामिल चरणों का वर्णन करें। (Describe the steps involved in gene regulation in eukaryotes.)
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Bring out the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene organisation. (UPSC 2017, 15 Marks, )

प्रोकैरियोटिक और यूकैरियोटिक जीन संगठन के बीच के अंतर को उजागर करें। (Bring out the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene organisation.)
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Introduction
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Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

ऑपेरॉन को परिभाषित करें। ट्रिप्टोफैन और एराबिनोज़ ऑपेरॉन के बीच समानताएँ और अंतर बताएं, विशेष रूप से एटेन्यूएशन पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए। (Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation.)
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Introduction
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Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

ऑपेरॉन को परिभाषित करें। ट्रिप्टोफैन और अरेबिनोज़ ऑपेरॉन के बीच समानताएँ और अंतर बताएं, विशेष रूप से एटेन्यूएशन पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए। (Define operon. Give the similarities and differences between tryptophan and arabinose operon, with a focus on attenuation.)
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Introduction
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Give an illustrated account of Lac Operon in E. coli. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

ई. कोलाई में लैक्स ऑपेरॉन का चित्र सहित विवरण दें। (Give an illustrated account of Lac Operon in E. coli.)
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Introduction
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Which eukaryotes do not contain repetitive DNA? Give a brief account of biological macromolecules found in all living organisms. (UPSC 2013, 15 Marks, )

कौन से यूकैरियोट्स में पुनरावृत्त डीएनए नहीं होता है? सभी जीवित जीवों में पाए जाने वाले जैविक मैक्रोमोलेक्यूल्स का संक्षिप्त विवरण दें। (Which eukaryotes do not contain repetitive DNA? Give a brief account of biological macromolecules found in all living organisms.)
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How does the protein synthetic machinery operate in a prokaryote? Mention the various functions of protein in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (UPSC 2013, 15 Marks, )

प्रोकैरियोट में प्रोटीन संश्लेषण मशीनरी कैसे कार्य करती है? यूकैरियोट्स और प्रोकैरियोट्स में प्रोटीन के विभिन्न कार्यों का उल्लेख करें। (How does the protein synthetic machinery operate in a prokaryote? Mention the various functions of protein in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.)
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Introduction
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Compare the manner in which genes are expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (UPSC 2011, 20 Marks, )

जीनों की अभिव्यक्ति प्रोकैरियोट्स और यूकैरियोट्स में जिस प्रकार होती है उसकी तुलना करें। (Compare the manner in which genes are expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.)
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Explain the structure of the basic level of organization of eukaryotic genetic material. Name two higher levels of organization. (UPSC 2010, 20 Marks, )

यूकैरियोटिक आनुवंशिक सामग्री के संगठन के बुनियादी स्तर की संरचना को समझाएं। दो उच्च स्तर के संगठन का नाम बताएं। (Explain the structure of the basic level of organization of eukaryotic genetic material. Name two higher levels of organization.)
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Explain the differences in gene regulation and its expression in eukaryotes. (UPSC 2009, 30 Marks, )

यूकेरियोट्स में जीन विनियमन और इसके अभिव्यक्ति में अंतर को समझाएं। (Explain the differences in gene regulation and its expression in eukaryotes.)
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Tryptophan Operon. (UPSC 2007, 30 Marks, )

ट्रिप्टोफैन ऑपेरॉन। (Tryptophan Operon)
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Describe transcription in pro and eukaryotes. (UPSC 2007, 60 Marks, )

प्रो और यूकैरियोट्स में ट्रांसक्रिप्शन का वर्णन करें। (Describe transcription in pro and eukaryotes.)
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Describe gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Define transcription. (UPSC 2006, 60 Marks, )

प्रोकैरियोट्स और यूकैरियोट्स में जीन अभिव्यक्ति का वर्णन करें। ट्रांसक्रिप्शन को परिभाषित करें। (Describe gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Define transcription.)
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