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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.

    • What are signal molecules? How do defects in signalling pathway cause pathological changes?
    • Cell death
      • What do you mean by programmed cell death? Highlight its role in the metamorphosis of tadpole larva into adult frog.
      • Why do cells die? Discuss apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Add a note on “cell death proteins”.
      • Define programmed cell death. Explain the molecular mechanism and significance of apoptosis during early embryonic development.
      • What are caspase enzymes? Narrate their crucial role in cell death.
      • Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.
      • Describe programmed cell death.
      • Cell death (Apoptosis)
      • Describe programmed cell death.
      • Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.
    • Defects in signaling pathway and consequences
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH₂ producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • What is the general mechanism of blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic pathway for the initiation of blood clotting.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Glycolytic pathway.
      • What is blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
      • Discuss that TCA cycle is the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a cell.
      • Discuss that TCA cycle is the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a cell.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Genetics
  5. (g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.
  6. Cell death

What do you mean by programmed cell death? Highlight its role in the metamorphosis of tadpole larva into adult frog. (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

आप प्रोग्राम्ड सेल डेथ से क्या समझते हैं? टैडपोल लार्वा के वयस्क मेंढक में कायांतरण में इसकी भूमिका को उजागर करें। (What do you mean by programmed cell death? Highlight its role in the metamorphosis of tadpole larva into adult frog.)
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Introduction
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Why do cells die? Discuss apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Add a note on “cell death proteins”. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

कोशिकाएं क्यों मरती हैं? एपोप्टोसिस, नेक्रोसिस और ऑटोफैगी पर चर्चा करें। <b><i>"कोशिका मृत्यु प्रोटीन"</i></b> पर एक नोट जोड़ें। (Why do cells die? Discuss apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Add a note on “cell death proteins”.)
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Introduction
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Define programmed cell death. Explain the molecular mechanism and significance of apoptosis during early embryonic development. (UPSC 2020, 20 Marks, )

प्रोग्राम्ड सेल डेथ को परिभाषित करें। प्रारंभिक भ्रूण विकास के दौरान एपोप्टोसिस के आणविक तंत्र और महत्व की व्याख्या करें। (Define programmed cell death. Explain the molecular mechanism and significance of apoptosis during early embryonic development.)
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Introduction
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What are caspase enzymes? Narrate their crucial role in cell death. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

कैस्पेस एंजाइम क्या होते हैं? सेल मृत्यु में उनकी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का वर्णन करें। (What are caspase enzymes? Narrate their crucial role in cell death.)
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Introduction
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Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death. (UPSC 2009, 30 Marks, )

कोशिकीय बुढ़ापे और कोशिका मृत्यु की प्रक्रिया को समझाएं। (Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.)
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Introduction
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Describe programmed cell death. (UPSC 2007, 60 Marks, )

प्रोग्राम्ड सेल डेथ का वर्णन करें। (Describe programmed cell death.)
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Introduction
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Cell death (Apoptosis) (UPSC 2004, 15 Marks, )

कोशिका मृत्यु (अपोप्टोसिस) (Cell death (Apoptosis))
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Introduction
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Describe programmed cell death. (UPSC 2007, 60 Marks, )

प्रोग्राम्ड सेल डेथ का वर्णन करें। (Describe programmed cell death.)
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Introduction
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Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death. (UPSC 2009, 30 Marks, )

कोशिकीय बुढ़ापे और कोशिका मृत्यु की प्रक्रिया को समझाएं। (Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.)
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Introduction
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