• Military Governance in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greece saw various forms of governance, including military rule, particularly during times of war and crisis.  
• Sparta: Known for its military-oriented society, Sparta was governed by a dual kingship and a council of elders, with significant power held by military leaders. The Ephors, a group of five officials, also played a crucial role in governance, often with military backgrounds.  
• Macedonian Influence: Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, Macedonia expanded its influence over Greece, establishing a form of military governance. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture but were heavily reliant on military control.  
• Tyrannies: In some city-states, military leaders seized power as tyrants. Notable examples include Peisistratos in Athens, who used military force to establish his rule.  
• Peloponnesian War: The prolonged conflict between Athens and Sparta led to increased military governance, with leaders like Pericles in Athens wielding significant power due to their military roles.  
• Hellenistic Period: Following Alexander's death, his generals, known as the Diadochi, divided his empire, ruling as military monarchs over different regions, including parts of Greece.

•   Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic Iranian peoples of Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into northern and western regions of India from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE.

•   Maues, also known as Moga was the earliest Indo-Scythian king.

•   Shaka rulers introduced Satrap system of government, along with Parthians, which was quite similar to the Iranian Achaemenid and Seleucid.

•   Under this system, the kingdom was divided into provinces, each under military governor Mahakshatrapa (great satrap).

•   Indo-Parthian kingdom is also known as Gondopharid dynasty and were active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE.

•   They were contemporary to sakas and introduced Satrap system of governance.

•   The Parthian Empire had no standing army.

•   The Mughals began to rule parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 ruled most of the sub-continent.

•   They brought the Central Asian military tradition along with them.

•   The Mughal army was divided into infantry, the cavalry, the war elephants and the navy.

•   They had three types of army; Mansabdari system, Ahadi Army, Dakhili soldiers.

•   Mansabdari system:

o  Mansabdar means the holder of a rank, or an officer.

o  Mansabdars were appointed only by the ruler under the recommendation of Mir Bakshi. Mir Bakshi was the head of the Military Administration in the Mughal Empire.

o  Each Mansabdar was given dual responsibility of both civil and military obligations.