•   Upanishads are one of four types of texts that are attached to each of the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of most Hindu traditions.

•   Each of the four Vedas—the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—consists of

o  a Samhita (a collection of hymns or sacred formulas),

o  a Brahmana,

o  an Aranyaka (‘Book of the Wilderness’), and

o  an Upanishad

•   It talks about the ontological connection between humanity and the cosmos.

•   Upanishads constitute the concluding portions of the Vedas, they are called vedanta (‘the conclusion of the Vedas’).

•   Apart from philosophical doctrines, Upanishads even describes rites or performances designed to grant power or to obtain a particular kind of son or daughter (mysterious doctrines).

•   It is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns and part of one of the four sacred canonical Hindu texts known as the Vedas.

•   The Rigveda is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text and also claimed to be World’s oldest scriptures.

•   The sounds and texts of the Rigveda have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE.

•   The text is layered consisting of the Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads.

•   The Rigveda Samhita is the core text, and is a collection of 10 books (Mandalas) with 1,028 hymns (Suktas) in about 10,600 verses.

•   The Samaveda is the Veda of melodies and chants.

•   It is an ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, and part of the scriptures of Hinduism.

•   One of the four Vedas, it is a liturgical text which consists of 1,875 verses.

•   Samaveda sets an important foundation for the subsequent Indian music.

•   The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the ‘Veda of magical formulas’.

•   The text is the fourth Veda, and is a late addition to the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism.

•   It is a collection of 730 hymns with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books.

•   It is said to be written during the later vedic period i.e.1000 BC-600BC.