Answer

Solution

UPSC Prelims

Art and Culture / कला एवं संस्कृति

Theme:

Literature / साहित्य

Q 2022, Literature

With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts:
1. Nettipakarana
2. Parishishtaparvan
3. Avadanashataka
4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
Which of the above are Jaina texts?

भारतीय इतिहास के सन्दर्भ में, निम्नलिखित मूलग्रंथों पर विचार कीजिए :
1. नेत्तिपकरण
2. परिशिष्टपर्वन
3. अवदानशतक
4. त्रिशष्टिलक्षण महापुराण
उपर्युक्त में कौन-से जैन ग्रन्थ है ?

Nettipakarana

The Nettipakaraṇa (Pali, abbreviated Netti) is a mythological Buddhist scripture, sometimes included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of Theravada Buddhism's Pali Canon.

'नेत्तिपकरण'

नेत्तिपकरण (Pali, संक्षिप्त Netti) एक पौराणिक बौद्ध ग्रंथ है, जिसे कभी-कभी थेरवाद बौद्ध धर्म के पाली कैनन के खुद्दक निकाय में शामिल किया जाता है।

Parishishtaparvan

The Parishishtaparvan also known as the Sthaviravalicharitra is a 12th-century Sanskrit mahakavya by Hemachandra which details the histories of the earliest Jain teachers.

'परिशिष्टपर्व'

पारिशिष्टपर्वन (Parishishtaparvan) जिसे स्थविरावलिचरित्र (Sthaviravalicharitra) के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, 12वीं सदी का संस्कृत महाकाव्य (mahakavya) है, जिसे हेमचंद्र (Hemachandra) ने लिखा है, जो प्रारंभिक जैन आचार्यों के इतिहास का विवरण देता है।

Avadanashataka

The Avadanasataka or "Century of Noble Deeds" is an anthology in Sanskrit of one hundred Buddhist legends, approximately dating to the same time as the Ashokavadana. Ratnamālāvadāna. The work may be from the Mulasarvastivada school.

'अवदनशतक'

अवदानशतक (Avadanasataka) या "सद्गुणों की शताब्दी" संस्कृत में एक संकलन है जिसमें सौ बौद्ध कथाएँ हैं, जो लगभग अशोकवदन (Ashokavadana) के समान समय की हैं। रत्नमालावदान (Ratnamālāvadāna)। यह कार्य मूलसर्वास्तिवाद (Mulasarvastivada) संप्रदाय का हो सकता है।

Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana

Mahapurana or Trishashthilkshana Mahapurana is a major Jain text composed largely by Acharya Jinasena during the rule of Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha and completed by his pupil Gunabhadra in the 9th century CE.

Mahapurana consists of two parts. The first part is Adi puraṇa written by Acharya Jinasena. The second part is Uttarapurana which is the section composed by Gunabhadra.

'त्रिषष्टिलक्षण महापुराण'

महापुराण (Mahapurana) या त्रिषष्ठिलक्षण महापुराण (Trishashthilkshana Mahapurana) एक प्रमुख जैन ग्रंथ है, जो मुख्य रूप से आचार्य जिनसेन (Acharya Jinasena) द्वारा राष्ट्रकूट शासक अमोघवर्ष (Amoghavarsha) के शासनकाल के दौरान रचित किया गया था और 9वीं शताब्दी ईस्वी में उनके शिष्य गुणभद्र (Gunabhadra) द्वारा पूरा किया गया।

महापुराण (Mahapurana) दो भागों में विभाजित है। पहला भाग आदिपुराण (Adi Purana) है, जिसे आचार्य जिनसेन (Acharya Jinasena) ने लिखा था। दूसरा भाग उत्तरपुराण (Uttarapurana) है, जो गुणभद्र (Gunabhadra) द्वारा रचित खंड है।

Puranas (Hindu and Jain)

Hindu Puranas (18 Mahapuranas)

Most attributed to Vedavyasa
Not written by one person, these are compiled over time.
After death / funeral rites: Garuda Purana
Pilgrimage places (Tirtha Mahatmya): Skanda Purana
Durga / Shakti: Markandeya Purana
Encyclopedic (polity, warfare, etc.): Agni Purana

Type	Hindu Puranas	Focus
Sattva Purana (Vaishnav)	Vishnu, Bhagavata, Narada, Garuda, Padma, Varaha	Vishnu
Rajas Purana (Brahma)	Brahma, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana	Creation
Tamas Purana (Shaiva)	Shiva, Linga, Skanda, Agni, Kurma, Matsya	Shiva

Jain Puranas

Purana Name	Author	Language	Key Points
Adipurana	Jinasena (completed by Gunabhadra)	Sanskrit	Life of Rishabhanatha (1st Tirthankara); discusses origin of civilization, kingship, agriculture
Mahapurana	Jinasena & Gunabhadra	Sanskrit	Combination of Adi Purana + Uttarapurana; covers lives of 63 Shalaka Purushas
Uttarapurana	Gunabhadra	Sanskrit	Continuation of Adipurana; covers remaining Tirthankaras and legendary figures
Padmapurana (Jain Ramayana)	Ravishena	Sanskrit	Jain version of Ramayana; Rama shown as non-violent, Lakshmana kills Ravana
Harivamsa Purana	Jinasena	Sanskrit	Jain version of Krishna’s story; emphasizes non-violence and karma
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Charitra	Hemachandra	Sanskrit	Detailed biographies of 63 great beings (Tirthankaras, Chakravartins, etc.)
Paumachariya	Vimalasuri	Prakrit	One of the earliest Jain Ramayanas; strong emphasis on ahimsa
Kalpa Sutra	Bhadrabahu	Prakrit	Lives of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras; read during Paryushan festival

<div></div><h3>Hindu Puranas (18 Mahapuranas)</h3><ul><li>Most attributed to Vedavyasa</li><li>Not written by one person, these are compiled over time.</li><li>After death / funeral rites: Garuda Purana</li><li>Pilgrimage places (Tirtha Mahatmya): Skanda Purana</li><li>Durga / Shakti: Markandeya Purana</li><li>Encyclopedic (polity, warfare, etc.): Agni Purana</li></ul><table><tbody><tr><td>Type</td><td>Hindu Puranas</td><td>Focus</td></tr><tr><td>Sattva Purana (Vaishnav)</td><td>Vishnu, Bhagavata, Narada, Garuda, Padma, Varaha</td><td>Vishnu</td></tr><tr><td>Rajas Purana (Brahma)</td><td>Brahma, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana</td><td>Creation</td></tr><tr><td>Tamas Purana (Shaiva)</td><td>Shiva, Linga, Skanda, Agni, Kurma, Matsya</td><td>Shiva</td></tr></tbody></table><h3>Jain Puranas</h3><table><tbody><tr><td>Purana Name</td><td>Author</td><td>Language</td><td>Key Points</td></tr><tr><td>Adipurana</td><td>Jinasena (completed by Gunabhadra)</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Life of Rishabhanatha (1st Tirthankara); discusses origin of civilization, kingship, agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Mahapurana</td><td>Jinasena & Gunabhadra</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Combination of Adi Purana + Uttarapurana; covers lives of 63 Shalaka Purushas</td></tr><tr><td>Uttarapurana</td><td>Gunabhadra</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Continuation of Adipurana; covers remaining Tirthankaras and legendary figures</td></tr><tr><td>Padmapurana (Jain Ramayana)</td><td>Ravishena</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Jain version of Ramayana; Rama shown as non-violent, Lakshmana kills Ravana</td></tr><tr><td>Harivamsa Purana</td><td>Jinasena</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Jain version of Krishna’s story; emphasizes non-violence and karma</td></tr><tr><td>Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Charitra</td><td>Hemachandra</td><td>Sanskrit</td><td>Detailed biographies of 63 great beings (Tirthankaras, Chakravartins, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td>Paumachariya</td><td>Vimalasuri</td><td>Prakrit</td><td>One of the earliest Jain Ramayanas; strong emphasis on ahimsa</td></tr><tr><td>Kalpa Sutra</td><td>Bhadrabahu</td><td>Prakrit</td><td>Lives of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras; read during Paryushan festival</td></tr></tbody></table>

Buddhist Texts

In Buddhist tradition, the term “Purana” is not used. Instead, Buddhist sacred literature is organized into Tripitaka and other texts.

Text Name	Author / Compiler	Language	Sect	Key Points
Vinaya Pitaka	Disciples of Gautama Buddha	Pali	Theravada	Monastic rules; discipline of Sangha
Sutta Pitaka	Disciples of Gautama Buddha	Pali	Theravada	Buddha’s teachings, sermons
Abhidhamma Pitaka	Later scholars	Pali	Theravada	Philosophical doctrines; mind analysis
Tripitaka	Compiled in councils	Pali	Theravada (core canon)	Three baskets: Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidhamma
Dhammapada	Part of Sutta Pitaka	Pali	Theravada	Ethical teachings; moral verses
Jataka Tales	Oral tradition	Pali	Theravada	Stories of Buddha’s previous births
Milinda Panha	Nagasena & Menander I	Pali	Theravada (later text)	Philosophical dialogue
Mahavamsa	Mahanama	Pali	Theravada	Sri Lankan history; spread of Buddhism
Dipavamsa	Sri Lankan monks	Pali	Theravada	Earliest Sri Lankan chronicle
Lalitavistara	Mahayana scholars	Sanskrit	Mahayana	Divine life of Buddha
Mahavastu	Lokottaravadins	Sanskrit	Mahayana (early school)	Semi-mythical biography
Saddharma Pundarika Sutra	Mahayana tradition	Sanskrit	Mahayana	Universal salvation; Bodhisattva ideal
Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita Sutra	Mahayana tradition	Sanskrit	Mahayana	Concept of emptiness (Shunyata)

In Buddhist tradition, the term “Purana” is not used. Instead, Buddhist sacred literature is organized into Tripitaka and other texts.
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Text Name
</td>
<td>
Author / Compiler
</td>
<td>
Language
</td>
<td>
Sect
</td>
<td>
Key Points
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Vinaya Pitaka
</td>
<td>
Disciples of Gautama Buddha
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Monastic rules; discipline of Sangha
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Sutta Pitaka
</td>
<td>
Disciples of Gautama Buddha
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Buddha’s teachings, sermons
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Abhidhamma Pitaka
</td>
<td>
Later scholars
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Philosophical doctrines; mind analysis
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Tripitaka
</td>
<td>
Compiled in councils
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada (core canon)
</td>
<td>
Three baskets: Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidhamma
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Dhammapada
</td>
<td>
Part of Sutta Pitaka
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Ethical teachings; moral verses
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Jataka Tales
</td>
<td>
Oral tradition
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Stories of Buddha’s previous births
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Milinda Panha
</td>
<td>
Nagasena & Menander I
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada (later text)
</td>
<td>
Philosophical dialogue
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Mahavamsa
</td>
<td>
Mahanama
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Sri Lankan history; spread of Buddhism
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Dipavamsa
</td>
<td>
Sri Lankan monks
</td>
<td>
Pali
</td>
<td>
Theravada
</td>
<td>
Earliest Sri Lankan chronicle
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Lalitavistara
</td>
<td>
Mahayana scholars
</td>
<td>
Sanskrit
</td>
<td>
Mahayana
</td>
<td>
Divine life of Buddha
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Mahavastu
</td>
<td>
Lokottaravadins
</td>
<td>
Sanskrit
</td>
<td>
Mahayana (early school)
</td>
<td>
Semi-mythical biography
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Saddharma Pundarika Sutra
</td>
<td>
Mahayana tradition
</td>
<td>
Sanskrit
</td>
<td>
Mahayana
</td>
<td>
Universal salvation; Bodhisattva ideal
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita Sutra
</td>
<td>
Mahayana tradition
</td>
<td>
Sanskrit
</td>
<td>
Mahayana
</td>
<td>
Concept of emptiness (Shunyata)
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Art and Culture / कला एवं संस्कृति

Q 2022, Literature

With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts:
1. Nettipakarana
2. Parishishtaparvan
3. Avadanashataka
4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
Which of the above are Jaina texts?

Explanation Please wait..

व्याख्या Please wait..

Nettipakarana

'नेत्तिपकरण'

Parishishtaparvan

'परिशिष्टपर्व'

Avadanashataka

'अवदनशतक'

Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana

'त्रिषष्टिलक्षण महापुराण'

Puranas (Hindu and Jain)

Hindu Puranas (18 Mahapuranas)

Jain Puranas

Buddhist Texts

Quick Links

John Doe

Art and Culture / कला एवं संस्कृति

Q 2022, Literature

With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts: 1. Nettipakarana 2. Parishishtaparvan 3. Avadanashataka 4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana Which of the above are Jaina texts?

Explanation Please wait..

व्याख्या Please wait..

Nettipakarana

'नेत्तिपकरण'

Parishishtaparvan

'परिशिष्टपर्व'

Avadanashataka

'अवदनशतक'

Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana

'त्रिषष्टिलक्षण महापुराण'

Puranas (Hindu and Jain)

Hindu Puranas (18 Mahapuranas)

Jain Puranas

Buddhist Texts

Quick Links

Question Meta

Ancient History / प्राचीन इतिहास

John Doe

With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts:
1. Nettipakarana
2. Parishishtaparvan
3. Avadanashataka
4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
Which of the above are Jaina texts?