1. Correct Answer: Option B: Arabs
 2. Explain the Logic:
     ● Portuguese Arrival: The Portuguese, led by Vasco da Gama, arrived in India in 1498. Their primary goal was to establish a direct sea route for the spice trade.  
     ● Trade Rivals: At the time of their arrival, the Arabs were the dominant traders in the Indian Ocean, controlling the spice trade routes between India and Europe. They had established trade networks and were the primary competitors to the Portuguese.  
     ● Other Options:  
       ● Option A: Persians: While the Persians were involved in regional trade, they were not the primary competitors in the Indian Ocean spice trade.  
       ● Option C: Dutch: The Dutch arrived later, in the early 17th century, and became significant rivals to the Portuguese.  
       ● Option D: English: The English also arrived later, with the establishment of the East India Company in 1600, and were not immediate rivals when the Portuguese first arrived.