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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.

    • Protochordata
    • Origin of Chordates
    • General Features and Life History of Branchiostoma
      • Give an illustrated account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Feeding mechanism of Branchiostoma.
      • Ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma.
      • Explain primitive, degenerate, and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic position.
      • "Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates." Justify the statement.
      • Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Give an account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
    • General Features and Life History of Herdmania
      • Give an account of systemic position, habit, habitat and external morphology of Herdmania. Also discuss the affinities of Herdmania.
      • Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development.
      • Herdmania is primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates. Discuss.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities.
      • Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates. Explain.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Provide an illustrated account of reproduction in Herdmania.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
  6. Origin of Chordates
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