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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.

    • Protochordata
    • Origin of Chordates
    • General Features and Life History of Branchiostoma
      • Give an illustrated account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Feeding mechanism of Branchiostoma.
      • Ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma.
      • Explain primitive, degenerate, and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic position.
      • "Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates." Justify the statement.
      • Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Give an account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
    • General Features and Life History of Herdmania
      • Give an account of systemic position, habit, habitat and external morphology of Herdmania. Also discuss the affinities of Herdmania.
      • Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development.
      • Herdmania is primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates. Discuss.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities.
      • Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates. Explain.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Provide an illustrated account of reproduction in Herdmania.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
  6. General Features and Life History of Herdmania

Give an account of systemic position, habit, habitat and external morphology of Herdmania. Also discuss the affinities of Herdmania. (UPSC 2023, 15 Marks, )

Herdmania की प्रणालीगत स्थिति, आदत, आवास और बाहरी आकृति-विज्ञान का वर्णन करें। साथ ही Herdmania की समानताओं पर चर्चा करें। (Give an account of systemic position, habit, habitat and external morphology of Herdmania. Also discuss the affinities of Herdmania.)
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Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development. (UPSC 2022, 15 Marks, )

हर्डमैनिया के आवास, आदतों और सामान्य विशेषताओं का वर्णन करें। इसके विकास पर एक नोट लिखें। (Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development.)
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Introduction
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Herdmania is primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates. Discuss. (UPSC 2020, 10 Marks, )

हर्डमैनिया पूर्वज कॉर्डेट्स का आदिम और पतित वंशज है। चर्चा करें। (Herdmania is primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates. Discuss.)
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Introduction
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What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities. (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

प्रतिगामी कायांतरण क्या है? हर्डमैनिया में इस घटना का चित्रित विवरण दें। इसके संबंधों पर भी एक नोट लिखें। (What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities.)
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Introduction
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Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates. Explain. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

हर्डमैनिया पूर्वज कॉर्डेट्स का एक आदिम और पतित वंशज है। व्याख्या करें। (Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates. Explain.)
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Introduction
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What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania. (UPSC 2014, 20 Marks, )

आप प्रतिगामी कायांतरण से क्या समझते हैं? गोनाड्स, विकासात्मक अनुक्रम और हर्डमेनिया में कायांतरण का चित्रित विवरण दें। (What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.)
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Introduction
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What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania. (UPSC 2014, 20 Marks, )

आप प्रतिगामी कायांतरण से क्या समझते हैं? गोनाड्स, विकासात्मक अनुक्रम और हर्डमैनिया में कायांतरण का चित्रित विवरण दें। (What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.)
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Introduction
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What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Provide an illustrated account of reproduction in Herdmania. (UPSC 2010, 30 Marks, )

प्रतिगामी कायांतरण क्या है? हर्डमैनिया में प्रजनन का चित्रित विवरण प्रदान करें। (What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Provide an illustrated account of reproduction in Herdmania.)
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