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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.

    • Protochordata
    • Origin of Chordates
    • General Features and Life History of Branchiostoma
      • Give an illustrated account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma.
      • Feeding mechanism of Branchiostoma.
      • Ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma.
      • Explain primitive, degenerate, and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic position.
      • "Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates." Justify the statement.
      • Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Give an account of the life history of Branchiostoma.
    • General Features and Life History of Herdmania
      • Give an account of systemic position, habit, habitat and external morphology of Herdmania. Also discuss the affinities of Herdmania.
      • Describe habitat, habits and general features of Herdmania. Write a note on its development.
      • Herdmania is primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates. Discuss.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this phenomenon in Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities.
      • Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates. Explain.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What do you mean by retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of the gonads, developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania.
      • What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Provide an illustrated account of reproduction in Herdmania.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
  6. General Features and Life History of Branchiostoma

Give an illustrated account of the life history of Branchiostoma. (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा के जीवन इतिहास का चित्रात्मक विवरण दें। (Give an illustrated account of the life history of Branchiostoma.)
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Introduction
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Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा के आवास, आदतों और जीवन इतिहास का वर्णन करें। (Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma.)
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Introduction
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Feeding mechanism of Branchiostoma. (UPSC 2021, 8 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा का आहार तंत्र। (Feeding mechanism of Branchiostoma.)
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Introduction
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Ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma. (UPSC 2018, 8 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा में सिलियरी भोजन विधि। (Ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma.)
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Introduction
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Explain primitive, degenerate, and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic position. (UPSC 2017, 15 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा के आदिम, अपक्षयित और उन्नत लक्षणों की व्याख्या करें। इसकी प्रणालीगत स्थिति पर टिप्पणी करें। (Explain primitive, degenerate, and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. Comment on its systematic position.)
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Introduction
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"Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates." Justify the statement. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

"बालानोग्लोसस कॉर्डेट्स का अग्रदूत है।" इस कथन को उचित ठहराएं। (Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates. Justify the statement.)
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Introduction
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Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion. (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा की आंत के माध्यम से पोषण धारा के एक सुव्यवस्थित लेबल वाले योजनाबद्ध चित्र बनाएं, और पोषण और पाचन की प्रक्रिया पर टिप्पणी करें। (Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.)
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Introduction
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Give an account of the life history of Branchiostoma. (UPSC 2008, 30 Marks, )

ब्रैंचियोस्टोमा के जीवन इतिहास का वर्णन करें। (Give an account of the life history of Branchiostoma.)
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Introduction
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