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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.

    • What are signal molecules? How do defects in signalling pathway cause pathological changes?
    • Cell death
      • What do you mean by programmed cell death? Highlight its role in the metamorphosis of tadpole larva into adult frog.
      • Why do cells die? Discuss apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Add a note on “cell death proteins”.
      • Define programmed cell death. Explain the molecular mechanism and significance of apoptosis during early embryonic development.
      • What are caspase enzymes? Narrate their crucial role in cell death.
      • Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.
      • Describe programmed cell death.
      • Cell death (Apoptosis)
      • Describe programmed cell death.
      • Explain the process of cellular aging and cell death.
    • Defects in signaling pathway and consequences
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH₂ producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • What is the general mechanism of blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic pathway for the initiation of blood clotting.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Glycolytic pathway.
      • What is blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
      • Discuss that TCA cycle is the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a cell.
      • Discuss that TCA cycle is the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a cell.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Genetics
  5. (g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.
  6. Signal molecules

What are signal molecules? How do defects in signalling pathway cause pathological changes? (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

सिग्नल अणु क्या होते हैं? सिग्नलिंग पथ में दोष कैसे रोग संबंधी परिवर्तन उत्पन्न करते हैं? (What are signal molecules? How do defects in signalling pathway cause pathological changes?)
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